The conception of reductionism in biology science - Статья

Elementary objects are irreducible components of reality, which is under study. As primary ideas of theories, they establish the simplest structural connections and in this sense they are elementary. Being a part of a system they play an essential role in understanding the relationship of integrity and that of the system. They do not only contribute to an understanding of the structural levels of matter and its nature, but they also have the function of worldview. The methodology of their studying is responsible for developing knowledge. Elementary objects of the theory, as carriers of certain connections and relationships, are the building blocks of structural reality, which show the quality of the system and the integrity of its structure. This article reveals methodological significance of elementary character, its procedural context in the development of scientific knowledge. Effective theorization of modern biological knowledge includes a search of its original elementary object, as a specific idealization. Firmly established basic concepts are the evidence of the development of the theory and they determine its content. At the same time, it should be noted that the elementary unit in the structural aspect is not equal to expandability. Isolation of elementary entities characterizes the theoretical level of knowledge of biological objects. An elementary object is a cell, the base of theoretical knowledge in biology. “... an elementary evolutionary phenomenon can be assumed a long and vectorized change of genotypic composition of the population. It is clear that the beginning and the course of the evolutionary process is impossible without such genotypic changes in the population, although the elementary evolutionary phenomenon in its sense is not an evolutionary process”[16, p. 316]. Let us mention that the unit of population change is defined according to the evolutionary process. The notion of biological organization will lead us to the idea that the cell is a substance, but it is the process, a continuous chain of complex correlated with each other events. It is clear that at this level of knowledge, all discrete representations are not important, where procedural view of reality is particularly important. One of the characteristics of the living is a hierarchy of structures and functional control. In this case, it is to the functional monitoring belongs the particular importance. It is the interaction between the upper and lower members of the hierarchy, which finds its expression in the existence and function of the feedback, is the typical hallmark of biological hierarchies. It gives them their main, specific difference - the implementation of regulatory effects [1; 5; 8; 11; 16]. In hierarchical systems of the inanimate world, this feature is much less pronounced. It is one of the characteristical differences between the nonliving world and the living. elementary methodological scientific In the study of complex organized systems, knowledge of the functional relationship of the elements is not always parallel to the knowledge of their structure. The center of gravity of the study moves from the morphological aspects to the functional and backward. The objects of research are already in a new way - in the process, organization, and with morphological and functional content. As soon as the knowledge of elementary objects includes representation of multiple connections, the essence of it is deeply and comprehensively enriched. In a certain sense, the union of the structure and function (spatial and temporal aspects) takes place here. The elementary object cannot be represented by the help of “the language of static objects” or just “the language of events”. Their synthesis is necessary. Modern science is moving away from the traditional view of the basic unit. It tries not only to find adequate forms of synthesis but also integrates structural and functional aspects of complex systems. However, this search has not led to any more or less formed concept yet. This fact makes the problem of elementary object particularly urgent in its methodological aspect. The concepts of elementary object in modern science appear in front of investigators as theoretical constructs that are based on certain principles of natural science. We have already seen that basic concepts include such very different terms as “material point” in classical mechanics, the concept of “the state of physical systems”, the elementary act of interaction, “elementary (point) event”, the gene as the unit of heredity etc.