Syntactic problems of translation - Курсовая работа

Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Multiprofile College of Aktobe TERM PAPER Theme: Syntactic problems of translation Aktobe - 2014 Content Introduction 1. Types of translation 1.1 Classification criteria 1.2 Machine translation 1.3 Translation and interpreting 2. Syntactic changes in translation 2.1 Communicative structure of the English and Russian sentence 2.2 Word order change due to the functional sentence perspective 2.3 Sentence partitioning and integration 2.4 Handling equivalent forms and structures Conclusion Bibliography Introduction This paper is devoted to the research of an important question in translation studies, i.e. the study of syntactic problems of translation from English into Russian. The phenomenon draws much attention because of the reason that the theory of translation is not fully developed in the country, and all the linguistic works devoted to the problem of translation from any foreign language into the Russian language somehow contribute to the solution of the problem. The active interaction of Republic of Kazakhstan with countries of the world community raised a wide range of issues concerning international business activities. Foreign and multinational corporations as well as domestic companies are involved in international deals all over the world. With rapid growth of international business transactions the problems of specialized translation have acquired a vital importance. More specifically, translation is the process and result of creating in a target, or, translating, language a text which has approximately the same communicative value as the corresponding text in the source language. A translator makes possible the exchange of information between the users of different languages by producing a text in the target language which has an identical communicative value with the source text. This target text is not fully similar to the source text as to its form or content due to the limitations imposed by the formal and semantic differences between the source language and the target language. The structure of the translated text should follow that of the original one: there should be no change in the sequence of narration or in the arrangement of the segments of the text. translation syntactic communicative sentence The choice of the theme is conditioned by the fact that the translation is important because a lot of developed countries use English as a world language. So as to provide the pragmatics of translation we should learn the peculiarities of business text translation. In addition, the study of grammar allows a student, a future translator to acquire a definite grammatical system. 1. Types of translation 1.1 Classification criteria There are some criteria for classifying translation: The first one is based on who does the translation. These days translation may be done by a human translator or by computer. Form of speech: according to this criterion, translation as a written form, sight translation (or translation-at-sight, on-sight translation) as the oral translation of written text, and interpreting as oral translation of oral discourse are differentiated. However, with third-generation computer systems emerging in the 1970s, interest in machine translation was revived. Word-processors appeared and today’s translators cannot imagine their lives without them. Today, machine translation is often called computer-aided translation (CAT). CAT systems are divided into two groups: machine-aided human translation (MAHT) and human-aided machine translation (HAMT). The difference between the two lies in the roles of computer and human translator. In MAHT, a translator makes the translation, then uses the computer as a tool for typing, checking spelling, grammar, style; for printing the target text, for looking up words in electronic dictionaries and data bases, for getting references on CD-ROMs and other sources, for consulting about contexts, for discussing problems in the web, for seaching a job, etc. In HAMT, the translation is automated, done by a computer but requiring the assistance of a human editor. There are two phases of human help: pre-editing and post-editing. In pre-editing, an operator (or a customer) prepares the text for input. The ‘sentence-by-sentence’ interpreting often found in liaison and community interpretingб is not regarded now as ‘true consecutive’. Liaison interpreting takes place in spontaneous conversational settings, while community interpreting is typical of the public service sphere. These days consecutive interpreting is used mostly in bilateral contacts, to serve only two languages. Interpreting may take place in two directions when the interpreter has to work for both language participants. This is a two-way, or bidirectional, translation (interpretation) and it requires a special skill of switching the languages to speak to, suppose, a Russian participant in Russian and to an English participant in English a