Polysemy in english language - Курсовая работа

Contents Reference Introduction 1. Word Meaning 1.1 Different Approaches to Meaning. Functional Approach 1.1.1 Referential approach 1.2 Types of Meaning. Grammatical Meaning 1.2.1 Lexical Meaning 1.2.2 Denotational and Connotational Meaning 1.3 Semantic Structure of polysemantic words 1.4 Types of Semantic Components 2. The meaning and Polysemy 2.1 Two approaches to the study of polysemy 2.1.1 Synchronic and Diachronic 2.2 Meaning and Context 2.3 The Lexical context 2.4 Grammatical Context 2.5 The development of new meanings of polysemantic words Conclusion Appendix to the course paper Bibliography Reference The theme of the course paper is polysemy. The work consists of introduction where the choice of the theme is substantiated and the aim of the work with its dismemberment for intercommunicated complex of tasks are defined which are subject to decision for opening of the theme. There are two chapters in the main part. It observes the word meaning, the word - the basic unit of language which unites the form and the meaning. Also it contains approaches to meaning: the functional approach supports that a linguistic study of meaning is the investigation of the relation of sign to sign only; the referential approach seeks to formulate the essence of meaning by establishing the interdependence between words and things or concepts they denote. Types of the meaning: grammatical, lexical, connotational and denotational meanings. Grammatical meaning is the element of plurality, tense endings, possessive case and so on. Lexical meaning is the same semantic component which several words have. Connotational and denotational meaning - the lexical meaning is not homogeneous either and may be analysed as including denotational that component of the lexical meaning which makes communication possible and connotational component which consist of emotive charge that is one of the objective semantic features proper to words as linguistic units and forms a part of the connotational component of meaning and stylistic reference. One part of all words consists of specified words, which are connected with science, technical, medical terms etc. - they have only one meaning. But the rest of the words have two or more meanings. The choice of the necessary word in a sentence depends on the context. Also there are grammatical and lexical contexts which are considered. The object of researching is the word, its meanings, context and developing of polysemantic words’ meanings. The aim of the work is to investigate word meanings in speech, the role of context for solution of polysemy in the text and to prove the importance of word meaning and its researching. polysemy english language polysemantic Polysemy decorates the speech, literature texts, but complicates a task for foreigners, who study another language, in our case, the English language, a task of translation. A context in this situation gives a lot, it helps to understand what the sentence, the text means in order to make professional translation in a literal way. It is all about the second chapter. Also the paper contains the conclusion where theoretical and practical conclusions are given in account in logical succession; and appendix. Introduction Do you need a dog?, asked Tom holding a puppy in his hands. “No”, answered John- “I have”, and, not turning around lifted the arm with a dog in it, a tool for getting tacks out of the wood. There are plenty of languages in the world. There are a lot of words in the language, and almost every (except scientific) word has 2 and more meanings. It runs as follows: a word is a sequence of graphemes which can occur between spaces, or the representation of such a sequence on morphemic level. The semantic-phonological approach may be illustrated by A. H. Gardiner’s definition: ”A word is an articulate sound-symbol in its aspect of denoting something which is spoken about. ” The eminent French linguist A. Meillet combines the semantic, phonological and grammatical criteria and gives the following definition of the word: “A word is defined by the association of a particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical employment. ” Still, the main point can be summarized: “The word is the fundamental unit of language. It is a dialectal unity of form and content. ” The linguistic science at present is not able to put forward a definition of meaning which is conclusive. However, there are certain facts of which we can be reasonably sure, and one of them is that the very function of the word as a unit of communication is made possible by its possessing a meaning. Therefore, among the words various characteristics, meaning is certainly the most important. Generally speaking, meaning can be more or less described as a component of the word through which a concept (mental phenomena) is communicated. Meaning endows the word with the ability of denoting real objects, qualities, actions and abstract notions. The relati