Modal verbs - Дипломная работа

Content INTRODUCTION 3 MODAL VERBS 7 Can 11 may 18 we can compare may and can 24 must 25 must and may compared 28 to have to 29 to be to 31 must, to have to and to be to compared 32 ought to 34 Shall and should 35 shall 35 should 36 must, should and ought to compared 41 Should perfect infinitive, ought to perfect infinitive and was/were to perfect infinitive compared 41 will 42 need 47 dare 48 Shouldn’t Perfect Infinitive, oughtn’t to Perfect Infinitive and needn’t Perfect Infinitive compared 49 Final conclusion 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY 52 Introduction Modality is expression of speaker’s attitude to what his utterance denotes. The speaker’s judgment may be of different kinds, that is, the speaker may express various modal meanings. Modal verbs unlike other verbs, do not denote actions or states, but only show the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the infinitive in combination with which they form compound modal predicates. These modal verbs may show that the action (or state, of process, or quality) is viewed by the speaker as possible, obligatory, doubtful, certain, permissible, advisable, requested, prohibited, ordered etc. Modal verbs occur only with the infinitive. This or that meaning is to a great degree determined by communicative type of the sentence and the form of the infinitive. That is a huge problem for foreign learners of English, who make a great deal of mistakes in this field. So, the aim of my work is to show how modal verbs can be used, in what case we need one or other verb and why. English modality can be expressed not only by modal verbs. Modality can be expressed by different linguistic means. In actual speech all forms expressing modality work together to make the meaning clear. But in every case there is some leading form that expresses the main attitude. These forms fall into four categories: phonetic (intonation), grammatical (mood), lexico-grammatical (modal verbs), lexical (modal words and phrases). Come over here. Listen to him, etc.). It may be used in the affirmative and in the negative form The negative form is an analytical form built up by means of the plain stem of the auxiliary verb to do followed by not (don’t) and the infinitive of the notional verb without to (e.g. Can has the following meanings: ability, capability, E.g. I can imagine how angry he is. We can represent a figure of a three-dimensional solid. This meaning may also be expressed by to be able . The phrase can be used in all tense-forms if necessary. In the meaning of ability and capability can occurs in all kinds of sentences. E.g. Right and left we can go, backward and forward freely enough, and men always have done so. You can move about in all directions of Space, but you cannot move about in Time. In this case can is followed by the simple infinitive and reference is made to the present. But depending on the context it may also refer to the future. E.g. He can go up against gravitation in a balloon, and why should he not hope that ultimately he may be able to stop or accelerate his drift along the Time-Dimension, or even turn about and travel the other way? However, if the time reference is not clear from the context or if it is necessary to stress that the action refers to the future, shall/will be able is used. E.g. He will be able to write to us from Portugal. I shall be able to earn by own living soon. The form could may be used in past-time contexts and in this case it is followed by a simple infinitive. It is a form of the Indicative Mood here. E.g. A man could not cover himself with dust by rolling in a paradox, could he? But then where could it be? After what had happened I couldn’t trust him. The form could may also be used in present-time context in combination with the simple infinitive to express unreality with reference to the present or future. E.g. I told myself that I could never stop, and with a gust of petulance I resolved to stop forthwith.