Lexicology science - Контрольная работа

What disciplines Lexicology links with? Lexicology is closely connected with other branches of linguistcs: 1. It is connected with Phonetics because the word‘s sound form is a fixed sequence of phonemes united by a lexical stress. 2. Lexicology is connected with Morphology and Word-Formation as the word‘s structure is a fixed sequence of morphemes. 3. It is connected with Morphology because the word‘s content plane is a unity of lexical and grammatical meanings. 4. The word functions as part of the sentence and performs a certain syntactical function that is why it is also connected with Syntax. 5. The word functions in different situations and spheres of life therefore it is connected with Stylistics, Socio- and Psycholinguistics. But there is also a great difference between lexicology and other linguistc disciplines. Grammatical and phonological systems are relatively stable. Therefore they are mostly studied within the framework of intralinguistics. 3. What are the linguistic functions of a word? First, the word is a unit of speech which, as such, serves the purposes of human communication. Thus, the word can be defined as a unit of communication. Secondly, the word can be perceived as the total of the sounds which comprise it. Third, the word, viewed structurally, possesses several characteristics. The modern approach to word studies is based on distinguishing between the external and the internal structures of the word. By external structure of the word we mean its morphological structure. For example, in the word post-impressionists the following morphemes can be distinguished: the prefixes post-, im-, the root press, the noun-forming suffixes - ion, -ist, and the grammatical suffix of plurality -s. The external structure of the word, and also typical word-formation patterns, are studied in the framework of word-building. The internal structure of the word, or its meaning, is nowadays commonly referred to as the word‘s semantic structure. This is the word‘s main aspect. The area of lexicology specialising in the semantic studies of the word is called semantics. One of the main structural features of the word that it possesses both external (formal) unity and semantic unity. A further structural feature of the word is its susceptibility to grammatical employment. In speech most words can be used in different grammatical forms in which their interrelations are realized. Thus, the word is a speech unit used for the purposes of human communication, materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, susceptible to grammatical employment and characterized by formal and semantic unity. 4. What is semasiology? What is the difference between semasiology and semantics? Semasiology (from Greek: ??????? (semasia) signification, meaning ??????? (semaino) indicate, signify) is a discipline within linguistics concerned with the question what does the word X mean?. Conceptual meaning (logical, cognitive, or denotative content) It refers to the dictionary meaning which indicates the concepts. In reading we can find many different words have the same conceptual meanings. Take the word walk as an example, the conceptual meaning or the primary dictionary meaning is to move forward by placing one foot in front of the other. There are also a few other words that, according to the dictionary, mean to move forward on foot, etc. 2. Connotative meaning (what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to) It refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger. 3. Social meaning (what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use) It refers to the usage of language in and by society which has big proportions in determining the meaning that certain speaker has to use and wants to convey, those factors include social class of the speaker and hearer and the degree of formality. Only part of the social meaning of a conversation is carried by words. Take saying hello or talking about the weather. Often such talk has little dictionary meaning. It is a way of being friendly or polite. 4. Affective meaning (what is communicated of the feeling and attitudes of the speaker/writer) It refers to the speaker’s feeling / attitude towards the content or the ongoing context.It is important to remember that each individual will have a different affective meaning for a word. As such, only the person using a word will be aware of the particular affective meaning that they hold with the word. For example, we can discuss the word winter further. The word winter denotatively refers to a time period during which either the northern or southern hemisphere is furthest away from the sun.Different use of stress and intonation also provides a striking contrast in the feelings and attitudes communicated through an utte