Analysis of concepts of corruption and collective action approach in the fight against corruption. Study of international anti-corruption regulations. Analysis of impact of business organizations on anti-corruption policy in Mongolia and Kazakhstan.
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(World Bank Institute, 2008) Second category considers literatures of an importance of business role in the fight corruption and effective business-government relation in the fight against corruption. Previously, majority of anti-corruption efforts were based on the principal agent theory developed by Susan Rose-Ackerman (1978) and Robert Klitgaard (1988), which explains corruption is a principal-agent problem and occurs when there is asymmetric information, for instance, between public and government officials and it aimed to limit ability these government officials to engage corruption through public controlling government officials’ motivations to involve in corrupt behavior. (Andvig & Fjeldstad , 2001) Also, study of Persson& Rothstein&Teorell (2013) shows that the main failures of the anti-corruption reforms in countries with highly corrupted environments can be explained as collective action problem on the case of Uganda and Kenya case. Several other scholars like Morrell& Bettcher (2013), Ostrom (1998), Booth&Cammack (2013), and Olson (1965), Matthew Stephenson (2015) also suggest that collective action theory can explain better understanding of corruption than the principal-agent theory, especially there is systemic corruption. (World Bank Institute, 2008) In the last category, there are literatures concerning business coalition, role of business associations and chambers of commerce, and their potential for the effective collective action of business and government effort in the fight against corruption. During my research, it seems anti-corruption initiatives including 10th principle of United Nations Global Compact and the Revised Principles for Donor Action in Anti-Corruption promotes engaging the private sectors in anti-corruption efforts, however, they don’t specifically state exactly how to engage and promote the private sector is not clearly defined and not many literatures regarding this found. Survey on corruption conducted by of Social Weather Station reveals SMEs (small and medium entrepreneurs) are relatively vulnerable to corruption compared to larger and well-known companies due to their inadequate resources to counter with bureaucrats, corrupted government officials and it is hard to fight corruption alone for them.
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