Borrowing as a method of new word formation. History of military borrowing from Latin and Old Norse. The etymology and modern functions of military loanwords. The use of borrowed terms in historical fiction and fantasy genre. Non-military modern meanings.
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5) Borrowings. A “borrowing” - or a “loanword” - is both a foreign element in the language and the process of such an element appearing and remaining in the language. Borrowings are an essential historical and functional part of the language, one of the ways of enriching its vocabulary. They serve as a source for new roots, new word formation elements and new terms. Borrowings are an important factor of language development - perhaps, even one of the most important. This process lies in the very core of language activity. The percent of borrowings is always high in each language, though the exact number of them is not possible to be counted, because of its constant growth: new borrowings appear, old borrowings get harder to recognize and tell what their origins are and say where did they come from. Borrowings are seen as a specific and separate layer of the language. In each language it is possible to name several layers of words: 1. Words that belong to every language of one language family. 2. Words that belong to a group or a sub-group of related languages. 3. Aboriginal words. 4. Borrowings. In terms of English it looks as following: - Indo-European words (mother, father, brother, daughter, be, hundred); - German words (bear, winter, see); - West-Germanic words (ask, love); - Anglo-Saxon (lord, boy/girl); - Borrowings (loanwords): From related languages: knight, low, flat (Ancient Scandinavian), napper, fitter (Holland); From not related languages: Soviet, vodka, tundra, pernach (Russian), samurai, katana (Japanese), echo, xylophone (Greek). In completely assimilated loanwords from French the stress is no longer on the last syllable. b) polysemantic borrowings. They have been transferred from other languages not fully: only one meaning has been brought into the receiving language (e.g. a loanword «sputnik» is used in English only in the meaning of an orbital spaceship, while in its mother tongue Russian it has also got a meaning of a person that accompanies someone). c) partly assimilated borrowings.
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