Facilities of expression of irony - Курсовая работа

The gentleman in question sat down in front of his open fire, put his feet up and read the book right through with a continually darkening face. When he had finished, he stood up and said: "Downright impertinence." Actually, every writer will be discouraged having learnt that his creation was thrown into fire. However, analyzing the literary work we can distinguish such phenomena as Irony, Sarcasm, Satire and some others. Lexicographic studies have shown that the semantic field of what has been broadly defined as “humor” is very rich in closely related, barely distinguishable terms.Term discrimination: Irony and its interrelated concepts.Taking its name from the Greek eironeia (dissimulation), irony consists of purporting a meaning of an utterance or a situation that is different, often opposite, to the literal one. Irony the SD based on contrary concepts, a stylistic device also based on the simultaneous realization of two logical meanings - dictionary and contextual, but the two meanings stand in opposition to each other. Irony takes on four main forms, all of which have more very well defined characteristics. Four main types are verbal irony, dramatic irony, and situational and Socratic (which is considered to be additional) irony. Verbal irony is by far the most accessible, far-reaching, and heavily utilized form of irony (and also of sarcastic humor) because it is its simplest form - it just involves the equation of two people talking to one another (whereas other forms of irony require a "third" party, generally an audience of some sort to interpret that scenarios as ironic).Since irony is commonly used in satires, many people would often equate the two together. On the other hand, satire is a literary form, or genre, which is commonly used through graphic arts or performance. Through the use of irony, as well as a number of other devices, such as ridicule and derision, a satire brings to light a particular issue or truth that is commonly observed in society, where changes must be made. Although these are the devices that are used in satire, it is presented in a comical manner through the careful use of wit and play of words or images, making it lighthearted on the part of the audience. A common feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm - "in satire, irony is militant" - but parody , burlesque , exaggeration, juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing.Now when it comes to the difference between irony and sarcasm, sarcasm is actually a subdivision or part of irony in a way, but it is used more specifically to hurt and embarrass the person personally. Sarcasm is defined in The Oxford Universal Dictionary, published in 1933, as "a sharp, bitter, or cutting expression or remark; a bitter gibe or taunt." More contemporary definitions often emphasize the false, mocking praise and verbal irony of sarcasm rather than its malicious or scornful intent. The word comes from the late Latin sarcasmus, derived from the Greek sarkasmos ("a sneer, jest, taunt, mockery") and sarkazein ("to speak bitterly, sneer"-literally, "to strip off the flesh" or "to bite the lips in rage"). Some researchers argue that sarcasm and irony are intrinsically different, but others suggest that they are identical for all practical purposes. Although all figures of speech are related to sarcasm/irony to some extent because they are non-literal, the figures of speech called hyperbole (overstatement or exaggeration) and meiosis (understatement) are most similar.The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks , which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body, known as humourous (Latin : humor, "body fluid"), control human health and emotion. The majority of people are able to experience humour, i.e., to be amused, to laugh or smile at something funny, and thus they are considered to have a sense of humour. The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour induced by humour to be inexplicable, strange, or even irrational. Though ultimately decided by personal taste , the extent to which an individual will find something humorous depends upon a host of variables, including geographical location , culture , maturity , level of education , intelligence and context . The prevailing types of theories attempting to account for the existence of humour include psychological theories, the vast majority of which consider humour-induced behaviour to be very healthy; spiritual theories, which may, for instance, consider humour to be a "gift from God"; and theories which consider humour to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a mystical experience .The table below is represented as a conclusion to the theoretical part of the work. In the first part were discussed various characteristics of Humour, Irony, Sarcasm and Satir

Contents

Introduction

Chapter I

Term discrimination: Irony and its interrelated concepts

1.1 Irony

1.2 Irony and Satire

1.3 Irony and Sarcasm

1.4 Irony and Humour

Chapter II

Linguostylistic means of expression of Irony