English for road builders - Методичка

Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan Tashkent Institute of Design, Construction and Maintenance of Automotive Roads English for road builders Done by: students of 415-15 group Beketov Amir, Pyagay Ilya Checked by: Rasulova Z.X. Tashkent 2017 1. ROAD CONSTRUCTION 1.1 Read and translate the text A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places, which has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a horse, cart, or motor vehicle. Roads consist of one, or sometimes two, roadways (British English: carriageways) each with one or more lanes and also any associated sidewalks(British English: pavement) and road verges, Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as public roads or highways. For purposes of international statistical comparison, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) defines a road as a line of communication (travelled way) using a stabilized base other than rails or air strips open to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor vehicles running on their own wheels, which includes bridges, tunnels, supporting structures, junctions, crossings, interchanges, and toll roads, but not cycle paths. What is Vehicle Excise Duty? 3. What is British word for “sidewalks”? Match the English words with their Russian equivalents: road международный public двигатель travel дорога international тротуар motor дорожное покрытие communication общественный sidewalk охватывать include эксплуатация pavement путешествовать maintenance связь Combine the words with the help of the preposition of. 1.4 Translate these word combinations a line road motor vehicles running for the purposes international statistical comparison roads consist any other road any length communication for purposes one, or sometimes two, roadways any length of highway or the English law, Highways Act 1980 for the use highway 2. Road Construction 2 2.1 Read and translate the text The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway, however there is no formal definition for a highway in the relevant Act. A 1984 ruling said the land over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway; and although most highways have been made up into roads, and most easements of way exist over footpaths, the presence or absence of a made road has nothing to do with the distinction. Another legal view is that while a highway historically included footpaths, bridleways, driftways, etc., it can now be used to mean those ways that allow the movement of motor-vehicles, and the term rights of way can be used to cover the wider usage. Road construction requires the creation of a continuous right-of-way, overcoming geographic obstacles and having grades low enough to permit vehicle or foot travel. and may be required to meet standards set by law or official guidelines. The process is often begun with the removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting, construction of embankments, bridges and tunnels, and removal of vegetation (this may involve deforestation) and followed by the laying of pavement material.