Homonyms in Russian and English languages, their classification. Synchronous and diachronic approach to the study of homonyms. Comparative typological analysis of linguistic phenomena in English and Russian. The etymological and semantic criteria.
Alternatively they may be pronounced differently, in which case they are also heteronyms - for example, row (argument) and row (propel with oars). (Homograph also has a specialised meaning in typography, where it may be used as a synonym for homoglyph.) Homophones are words that share the same pronunciation regardless of how they are spelled. Homophones may be spelled the same (in which case they are also homographs) or spelled differently (in which case they are heterographs). Heterographic examples include to, too, two, and there, their, they’re.Heteronyms can be seen as the subclass of homographs (words that share the same spelling) that have different pronunciations. Such words include polish (to make shiny) and Polish (from Poland). 1.2 Classification of homonyms Modern English has a very extensive vocabulary; the number of words according to the dictionary data is no less than 400, 000.A question naturally arises whether this enormous word-stock is composed of separate independent lexical units, or may it perhaps be regarded as a certain structured system made up of numerous interdependent and interrelated sub-systems or groups of words. This problem may be viewed in terms of the possible ways of classifying vocabulary items. Words can be classified in various ways. Here, however, we are concerned only with the semantic classification of words which gives us a better insight into some aspects of the Modern English word-stock. Attempts to study the inner structure of the vocabulary revealed that in spite of its heterogeneity the English word-stock may be analyzed into numerous sub-systems the members of which have some features in common, thus distinguishing them from the members of other lexical sub-systems. Classification into monosynaptic and polysemantic words is based on the number of meanings the word possesses. More detailed semantic classifications are generally based on the semantic similarity (or polarity) of words or their component morphemes.
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