Description of Canada - Курсовая работа

Official language(s)English and French GOVERNMENTFEDERAL parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy Governor GENERALMICHAELLE Jean Lower HOUSEHOUSE of Commons Canada (pronounced /?kжn?d?/) is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean.Canada is a good example of the way peoples of different ways of life and different languages can live side by side under one government. The population of Canada has risen from 11,5 million in 1941 to 25 million in 1980. Canada, like so many countries, has only just begun to treat her own nonwhite citizens, Eskimos (or Inuit) and the Indians, as generously as they deserve. The Indian and Eskimo populations have grown quite a lot in the last few years. The government is at last realizing that it has a duty towards this people that it has neglected for so long.In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier towards the village of Stadacona. Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village, but also the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this region as Canada. From the early 17th century onwards, that part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes was known as Canada.Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Metis. The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal civilizations included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th-early 16th centuries), and have been discovered through archaeological investigations. Repeated outbreaks of European infectious diseases such as influenza, measles and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), combined with other effects of European contact, resulted in an eighty-five to ninety-five percent aboriginal population decrease post-contact.Europeans first arrived when the Vikings settled briefly at LANSE aux Meadows in Newfoundland around AD 1000; after the failure of that colony, there was no known further attempt at Canadian exploration until 1497, when Italian seafarer Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) explored Canada"s Atlantic coast for England. Among French colonists of New France, Canadians extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while French fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the Treaty of Utrecht (1713); the Treaty of Paris (1763) ceded Canada and most of New France to Britain after the Seven Years" War. To avert conflict in Quebec, the British passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec"s territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada (later the province of Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected Legislative Assembly.It grew by adding British Columbia in 1871, P.E.I. in 1873, the British Arctic Islands in 1880, and Newfoundland in 1949, Its provinces grew both in size and number at the expense of its territories. Following several constitutional conferences, the Constitution Act, 1867 brought about Confederation, creating "one Dominion under the name of Canada" on July 1, 1867, with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Canada assumed control of Rupert"s Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where the Metis" grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870. An animated map, exhibiting the growth and change of Canada"s provinces and territories since Confederation. To open the West, the government sponsored construction of three transcontinental railways (most notably the Canadian Pacific Railway), opened the prairies to settlement with the Dominion Lands Act, and established the NORTHWEST Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory.Canada"s growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965, the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969, and official multiculturalism in 1971. There was also the founding of socially democratic programs, such as universal health care, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments, particularly Que

Contents

1. About Canada

2. People of Canada

3. Etymology

4. History

5. European colonization

6. Confederation and expansion

7. Early 20th century

8. Modern times

9. Government and politics

10. Law

11. Foreign relations and military

12. Provinces and territories

13. Geography and climate

14. Science and technology

15. Economy

16. Culture

17. Language

18. Ottawa

19. About Ottawa

20. Ottawa as the capital

21. History

Canada

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Flag Arms

Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin)

"From Sea to Sea"

Anthem: "O Canada"

Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen"