Basic grammatical and lexical-semantic differences between American and British English - Курсовая работа

It is used in all national routes, it is spoken and written hundreds of millions of people of different nationalities (eg, three thousand newspapers are published in English in India [1]. Now over a billion people on the Earth say and seek to speak in English, English is the most studied language in the world, whose influence is so great that it is able to affect not only the dictionary, but also on the linguistic structure of the other languages. One of the possible causes of spreading English is a wealth of vocabulary (about 600 000 words, according to the Oxford dictionary, not counting a special technical vocabulary) and a large percent of the international concepts (up to 200 000 words). The differences between the English language in America and the English in the UK were discussed in the special linguistic and popular literature for a long time. The disputes continues to this day which of the variants of the English language should be considered as a standard and whether American English should be considered as an independent language, finally separated from British language.In this chapter we consider the periodization of formation of American English, the sources and reasons for its occurrence, as well as the current state of English as the multinational language.English language entered to the North America in the early XVII century and initially it conformed to the standards adopted in England in the XVII century. The history of the English language in America has 3.5 century. In connection with this there are two main periods of development of the English language in America: · the early period from the beginning of the XVII century to the end of the XVIII century, which is characterized by the formation of the American dialects; In the early seventeenth of century the colonists from England began to bring their own language to America. And although the picture of spreading of the dialects has never been clear due to the constant migration from the north to the south and vice versa, and due to the influx of immigrants from various countries of the world, the differences persist at the level of dialects in the United States today.They did not enter a new designation for the known concepts, but very often they used the old word with a new meaning or they borrowed the new words from their native languages, and so today the same word in the UK and the U.S. may have different connotations and meanings, even if they denote the same phenomenons [14]. All these reasons affected the development of the variants of the language, which led to the emergence of some significant differences in lexical and phonological structure of language, grammatical phenomena and spelling some words. Among the new words formed in the American colonies of England in the XVII - XVIII centuries, the majority are difficult words which were created by the way of substantivizing of phrases such as "adjective noun" and "noun noun." These transformations are based on the words which were in the lexis of the early English language. The coexistence of the old and new meaning we can note, for example,in the noun "frontier", which has acquired additional meaning in America: a newly mastered or sparsely populated area immediately adjacent to the wilderness or desert terrain. Many difficult words and phrases were based on this new meaning and in these words one of the elements is the American "frontier" in his meaning.First, modern British language is heterogeneous, and secondly, it is far from the classic English that existed three centuries ago. Inside the British variant are three types of language: the conservative English (the language of the royal family and parliament) adopted standard (the language of media, it is also called BBC English) and advanced English (the language of the youth). The changes are occurring primarily in the lexicon, one of the most mobile parts of the language and in the grammar. Primarily the language changes in grammar caused of the tendency to save linguistic efforts and simplify the language. The changes affected not only phonetics and vocabulary, but also the most stable part of the language - grammar.In this chapter we will examine the grammatical features of American English based on a comparison with British English.Waiver of Perfect Tenses in spoken language has become commonplace for American [6]. Using Past seems to them perfectly natural and correct, although by all standards, including those, which are described in the american grammars, Perfect are required. The designation of future simple tense in the first person with word shall (I shall, we shall) have virtually disappeared from American English, and disappears from the British language, but still is being used in formal British English. Using the form of "to be going to" for the future simple is used a lot of more in American than in British English: I shall visit a doctor. For express

Introduction

Chapter I. The history and reasons for the formation of American English, its status as the multinational language

1.1 The history of the formation of American English

1.2 Causes and sources of American English

1.3 Current status of English as the multinational language

Chapter II. Grammatical and lexical-semantic features of American English

2.1 Verb

2.2 Noun

2.3 Preposition

2.4 Article

2.5 Adverb

2.6 Adjective

2.7 Pronoun

2.8 The introductory words

2.9 Spelling

2.10 Syntax

2.11 Differences in American and English Pronunciation

2.12 Differences in American and English Spelling

Conclusion

Literature