The concept and category values voice and mood in different languages. Features and comparative description of the use and formation of a voice in English and Armenian. Classification of moods, their characteristics of a grammatical point of view.
Аннотация к работе
Introduction The theme of my term paper sounds as following: «Verb. The Categories of Voice Mood in English and Armenian». Before beginning of investigation in our theme, I would like to say some words dealt with the theme of my course paper. The verb is characterized by a number of categories: tense, aspect, voice, mood and correlation. In this work we are going to examine the categories of voice and mood in English and Armenian. Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech. First of all it performs the central role in realizing predication - connection between situation in the utterance and reality. The following presentation of the categorial system of the English verb is based on oppositional criteria worked out in the course of grammatical studies of language by Russian and foreign scholars. The voice of the English verb is expressed by the opposition of the passive form of the verb to the active form of the verb. The passive form as the strong member of the opposition expresses reception of the action by the subject of the syntactic construction (i.e. the «passive» subject, denoting the object of the action); the active form as the weak member of the opposition leaves this meaning unspecified, i.e. it expresses «non-passivity». The passive voice from his point of view is the motion of the words of position 3 and 4 to position one. The verb is transformed into a word-group introduced by parts of be, become, get and the original subject is hooked into the end of the sentence by means of the preposition by. Different treatment of the problem is found in theoretical courses written by Russian grammarians. The most of them recognize the existence of the category of voice in present-day English. To this group of scientists we refer A.I. Smirnitsky, L. Barkhudarov, L. Steling, Khaimovich and Rogovskayas according to their opinion there are two active and passive voices. But some others maintain that there are three voices in English. Besides the two mentioned they consider the reflexive voice which is expressed by the help of semantically weakened selfpronouns as in the sentence: He cut himself while shaving. B.A. Ilyish besides the three voices mentioned distinguishes two more: the reciprocal voice expressed with the help of each-other, one another and the neuter («middle») voice in such sentences as: The door opened. The college was filling up. The conception reminds us Poutsmas view. He writes: «A passive meaning may also not seldom be observed in verbs that have thrown off the reflexive pronoun and have, consequently, become intransitive. Thus, we find it more or less distinctly in the verbs used in: Her eyes filled with tears…» We cannot agree with arguments against these theories expressed by Khaimovich and Rogovskaya: «These theories do not carry much conviction, because: 1) in cases like he washed himself it is not the verb that is reflexive but that pronoun himself used as a direct object; 2) washed and himself are words belonging to different lexemes. They have different lexical and grammatical meanings; 3) if we regard washed himself as an analytical word, it is necessary to admit that the verb has the categories of gender, person, non-person (washed himself-washed itself), that the categories of number and person are expressed twice in the word-group washed himself; 4) similar objection can be raised against regarding washed each-other, washed one another as analytical forms of the reciprocal voice.