The main tasks of modern immigration policies of Japan - Дипломная работа

(About 1.76% from total population). While other states during the industrialization period attracted numerous immigrants in order to sustain high growing rates and now have a problems with a large foreigners community within their borders (exempli gratia civil unrest in France in the year 2005 or England riots in 2011), Japan developed its economy employing mostly the forces of its own population and preserve its homogeneity. Another reason for studying Japanese immigration policy in the current moment is the upcoming severe demographic crisis in the country. Both the prolong life expectancy (which is one of the most high in the world) and low fertility rates contribute to shrinking and aging of the population. Sakanaka 2005, Markaryan 2012, Mackie 2010, Bustamante 2011). While other researchers are opponents of massive immigration and are more confidant that Japan would be able to fulfil the future demand for the workforce by its own “latent” resources, at list partly (Komai 2003, Coulmas 2007, Kobayashi 2009,). So there is plenty of works dedicated to Japanese immigration policy and majority of them connect it with the aging of population. However, none of them examines the full scope of challenges caused by demographic crises and how they influence government decisions. In my work I am going to fill this vacuum and find out what problems immigration policy is taking into consideration and working on them and what problems it avoids. 2) Object and subject under study The object of my work is the analysis of the current Japanese immigration policy, and speaking more precisely, the subject of the work is the efficiency of the implemented policies. This research is focused on the current (from 2010 to 2013) stage of immigration policy and provides an overview of the main steps undertaken by the immigration bureau policy, however the general facts about the immigration policy and demographic changes in the second part of the xx century would be also reflected in the work. In addition, the abundance of statistic data and official documents leads me to using generalization and classification methods in order to find main objectives and be able to analyse them. Therefore, the main body of my work is divided into the five sections. In the first one the general statistics facts upon the transformation of the Japanese demographic situation, population ageing, the share of foreigners and trends in the workforce are presented. The second chapter provide an overview of the main challenges, which come from the current demographic situation. The third chapter is devoted to the description of the main directions of the current Japanese immigration policy and outlines the main objectives which immigration bureau sets to itself. The forth chapter describes how these objectives are being implemented in the practice. The fifth chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the immigration policy’s effectiveness, so it provides examination of how implementation of it corresponds with the main challenges of demographic situation. The projects for future and possible ways of the development of the policies are represented in the fifth chapter. 1.Demographic changes in Japanese society immigration policy demographic society In the recent years Japanese society is experiencing drastic demographic changes. Since the middle of the 20th century Japan has turned from the society with large portion of young population and several children in one family into the aging society where people are living longer and there are more and more elder people. The similar processes are ongoing in other developed countries over the World as well. However, Japanese case is exceptional due to profundity and rapidity of the changes. In this section I am going to outline the main trends in recent Japanese demographic development concerned mainly population aging and shrinking population. Also I will speak about the changes of the share of foreign people in Japanese population. My further analysis of immigration policy would be based upon the challenges, which these changes bring. 1.1 Increasing Life Expectancy Since the period after WW2 life length of Japanese people steadily increased and nowadays Japan is considered to be a nation with one of the most long living population. WHO estimated the life expectancy on birth for Japan in 2012 year to be about 80 years for men and about 87 years for women. It is the 12 and the 1st places in the world respectively. Japan succeeded to increase the average life length for more than by 20 years since the middle of the previous century. And moreover, Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare predicts that it will continue to develop further and reach about 91 year for women and more than 84 year for men in the year 2060. Chart 1. Trends and future projections of average life expectancy 1.2 Falling birth rates Since the end of WW2 the total fertility rate (the average number of children born to a woman during her lifet