Securitization as policy responses of Indonesia and Malaysia towards Rohingya refugee and the comparative study of both policy responses. Rohingya Refugee as existential threat in Indonesia: securitization speech act. The existential threat in Malaysia.
Аннотация к работе
The impact of securitization of Rohingya refugee by Indonesia and Malaysia Table of contents List of Abbreviations Introduction Chapter 1. Research Problem and Question 1.1 Relevance and Importance of the Research 1.2 Aim of the Research 1.3 Methodology 1.4 Structure Chapter 2. Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 2.1 Theoretical Framework 2.2 Literature Review Chapter 3. Indonesian Refugee Policy and Securitization of Rohingya Refugee by the State Actor 3.1 Indonesian Refugee Policy: Overview 3.2 Influx of Rohingya Refugee to Indonesia 3.3 Rohingya Refugee as Existential Threat in Indonesia: Securitization Speech Act 3.4 Indonesian Government Policy Response 3.5 Civil Society Response Chapter 4. Malaysian Refugee Policy and Securitization of Rohingya Refugee by the State Actor 4.1 Malaysian Refugee Policy: Overview 4.2 Influx of Rohingya Refugee to Malaysia 4.3 Rohingya Refugee as Existential Threat in Malaysia: Securitization Speech Act 4.4 Malaysian Government Policy Response Conclusion Bibliography List of Abbreviations APBN Anggaran Penerimaan dan Belanja Negara (State Budget) ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations FPI Front Pembela Islam (Islamic Defender Front) HuJI Harakat ul-Jihad al-Islami IOM International Organization for Migration JAT Jemaah Anshorut Tauhid JMB Jamaatul Mujahideen Bangladesh JSR Jesuit Refugee Service KONTRAS Komisi Orang Hilang dan Korban Tindak Kekerasan (The Commission for Disappeared and Victims of Violence) LeT Lashkar e Taliban NGO Non-Governmental Organization UN United Nations RELA Malaysian Peoples Volunteer Association RSD Refugee Status Determination RUDENSI Ruang Detensi (Immigration Detention Room) TOC Transnational Organized Crime TRC Tim Reaksi Cepat (Quick Response Team, a SAR team) UNHCR United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees Introduction Most refugee movements today are caused by conflict. And contemporary conflicts are mostly of an internal, inter-communal nature (Gil, 1992). Refugee movements are usually sudden and unplanned. Most of them left their homes immediately after either seeing people executed around their houses or when bombs or other factors caused it difficult to get food or shelter. Many refugees are at times unable to transfer assets from their countries of origin to their countries of asylum, and thus turn to be a problem or burden on the host countries and the host communities in particular. The responses of host countries to these mass influxes have varied greatly, both between states and, for single governments, over time and by refugee group. Some governments have received refugees with kindness, providing them with help and guaranteeing their safety. Others have tried to prevent refugees from entering or have treated them harshly, restricting their movements and even endangering their safety (Jacobsen 1996, Aristide 1992). The majority of countries hosting large numbers of refugees are developing and poor countries. These countries hosted two thirds of the global population of concern to UNHCR. The host government often largely ignores refugee-hosting communities in remote areas. Developing countries that host refugees for protracted periods can experience long-term, economic, social and environmental consequences (UNHCR Standing Committee 1997). The presence of refugees sometimes aggravates the already prevailing economic, environmental, social and, at times, political difficulties in these countries. Often such countries are confronted by a combination of all four of these factors. Moreover, in many refugee situations, problems are aggravated when refugees are a substantial proportion of the local, if not national population. Many developing countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia, also face changes in social and cultural as the impact of refugee influx. Many factors influence the policy response of a host country when it faces a refugee influx. This is why even a neighboring countries facing the same refugee issues could response differently or similarly. In Myanmar, escalating inter-communal conflict in Rakhine State in June 2012 resulted in internal displacement of more than 150,000 Rohingya people as well as outflows to other regional countries. Recently in 2015, several boats packed with hundreds of desperate migrants have been caught up in a game of international ping-pong between South East Asian countries including Malaysia and Indonesia. Essentially the Rohingya refugees - joined by a number of Bangladeshi economic migrants - are being passed between countries that dont want them. The UN has called on nearby countries Malaysia and Indonesia to respect international law and offer help to those stranded at sea, but South East Asian countries have been using reports of the presence of economic migrants as an excuse to turn the so-called boat people away. After continuous hard protests coming from around the world, there has been agreement between Malaysia and Indonesia (and Thailand) to temporarily resettle th