Reforms of Peter I - Дипломная работа

Over time, this tax led to the elimination of private ownership, the redistribution of land to the community and the ever-increasing state intervention in the affairs of the peasants. Now, looking around the devastated country, which turned suddenly, as in ancient times, impoverished and backward that time in our history, and felt himself in front of an uncertain future, it is necessary to consider, as has carried with him, our country through the centuries-old tradition of revolutionary storms as a result of reforms to create a rigid- despotic regime of a particular type, which is called the Russian autocracy. The peculiarity of Russias historical path lay in the fact that every time a consequence of the reforms is even greater archaization system of social relations. It was she who led to the slowing down of the social processes, transforming Russia into a country catching up. Originality lies in the fact that catching up, basically violent reform, which requires strengthening, even if temporary, began despotic government, lead, ultimately, to long-term strengthening of despotism. In turn, because of the slow development of a despotic regime requires new reforms. And repeated. These cycles are typological feature Russias historical path. And formed - as a deviation from the usual historical order - Russian special way. Last if in our future change the customary historical order - a special way, which once again plunge the country into a convulsive paroxysm of violent change, without giving anything in return except prospects repeating them in the future, even at the periphery of the development world? Or in our history to change the meaning of the word reform and we will find the strength, opportunities and will take its rightful place in the great culture of this world? These questions can be answered only by historians of future generations, but would like to see in the affirmative - the second. Chapter 3 The reforms of Peter 1 3.1 Forms of legal acts Consideration of direct legal reforms of Peter I, I would like to start with the consideration of forms of legal acts - sources of law. So, the sources of law under Peter I had the following. Law chief at the time was Code of 1649 year. Charters issued for certain departments (Military, Marine) or control certain areas of law (the Charter of Notes, Military, quick image processes or litigation). Regulations (acts constituent character) determined the composition of organisms and tion, competence and order workflow management bodies (General Regul a cop in 1720, Spiritual Regulations 1721). Decrees was documented establishment of new government bodies and is due on faces (Decree on the establishment of provinces in 1708, a decree on fiscal 1714), the introduction of acts of sectoral legislation (Decree on the court form 1723.) FIXED ting on a position (Decree on Pozdnjakova obersekretarem Senate appointment in 1721). Peter I attempted to divide orders for temporary and permanent, direct and connecting the past to the statutes and regulated n there. In the Petrine period a year on average were published about one hundred and sixty yk and call. A huge number of regulations to regulate all aspects of life, in need of systematization. In 1695 all orders was asked to draw an extract from the article, additional dome l nyavshih novoukaznye Code and the article. In 1700 issued a decree on the establishment of the first new Code. In 1714 the order was repeated, but without results. New legal acts complement Code of 1694 and regulations, in case of disagreement, preference for new acts. Codification of re-invigorated in 1720 - 1725 years. During this period have been prepared on the straight parts of projects Ulozhenie of judgment in the criminal process, search and torture cases and about Mr. Kazan and civil cases. For lawmaking absolutism characterized by very d detail, careful regulation of all aspects of social life and frequent. Particular attention was paid to the forms of legal acts and legal regulation and of. The most common form in the first quarter of the ne p XVIII century: Regulations. Total in this period was approved seven regulations. They were acts that determine the overall structure, the status and activities of the individual t gosudars governmental institutions. Manifestos. were published only the monarch and his signature and were arr scheny and to the entire population and all institutions. In a manifesto announcing the accession of the monarch on the throne, the major political events and promotions, n and beginning of war or peace signing. Inscribed decrees. Also issued and signed by the monarch. They formulate solutions fo r addressed to specific government agencies or officials: the Senate, colleagues, governors. Inscribed decrees were supplemented by statutes or institutions Regul and cops. Decrees. Could monarch issued by or on behalf of the Senate and were nat e Lena on a specific case or cases, the introduction or elimination of specif