The concept and essence of the post-industrial economy. A transition from the production of goods to the production of services. The growing importance of theoretical knowledge over practical know-how. Reduction of jobs and rising unemployment in Russia.
Аннотация к работе
New areas of expertise, such as genetic engineering, family counseling, immigration services etc. become of special importance. Traditional manufacturing centres decline, creating what is known as ‘’ghost towns’’ with hardly any inhabitants. Large armies of unemployed are created as a result of what is now known as ‘’structural unemployment’’. 3. There is a growing importance of theoretical knowledge over the practical know-how which has now become a standard. Some trades such as shoe-making or baking are now vanishing giving way to new ones. Advances in such specialized knowledge create enormous needs for innovative solutions. Ethical aspects of such issues as cloning, transplant of human organs and the ensuing trade thereof, euthanasia or adoption of children by same sex couples urgently await solutions. There is the ever pending issue of the deteriorating environment, refugees, terrorism, etc., which have definite impact on the economy. 4. Post-industrial societies increasingly seek dominance over technologies and efficient control over them. This relates particularly to nuclear technology which, despite its well-known deficiencies, is still perceived as the viable source of energy for the future. 5. To deliver all this, new intellectual technologies are being developed with the continuous drive for the search of innovative solutions which invariably change the way of our life. 6. All these developments lead toward a greater interaction between scientists and the technologies they create. Post-industrial societies are more and more dependent on the quality education. This creates an ever-growing need for specialized university knowledge as lower levels of education no longer make this interaction workable. These are just a few aspects of the technological revolution that occurs daily, and the technological revolution creates an intellectual revolution. These societies which are unable to cope with the new levels of education and systemic change are the most certain losers in that race towards excellence. [5] In post-industrial society the base of economic development changes. As work and the capital were the central variables in industrial society, so information and knowledge become decisive variables of post-industrial society. It has diverse consequences for functioning of economy and society in general. As the human factor gains essentially new value, the role of investments in the human capital in education, health care, vocational training sharply increases. Requirements of qualification of the worker increase, creative nature of work amplifies. According to some information, the share of the population occupied with mainly creative activity increased in the developed countries from 33-41% at the beginning of the 60th to 45-50% in the 80th. At the same time bases of work, which are characteristic for mature industrial society gradually are undermined. In those conditions the partial, monotonous, monkey business was favorable to the companies. Now computers very often can do similar work quicker and better, and robots can do dangerous work. Old forms of work are less and less productive. Therefore there is an incentive and requirement to replace THEM.[1] It is known that today the post-industrial era is considered to be one of the last economic waves. Then the question arises: “How did world economic system develop before the postindustrial era?” In the ancient world, people engaged in gathering and hunting, using the products of their labor in order to satisfy their own needs. Such an organization is considered to be pre-economic society, because there was no market exchange. The First economic era began with exchange operations - an agrarian economy where people exchanged material products produced with the use of manual labor. With the emergence of factories and further invention and spread of machines, connect the beginning of the industrial era in which force was used mechanisms. The main achievements of this time - the division of labor, conveyor, mass production (about the middle of the XVIII century to the middle of XX). The origin of the post-industrial era is considered to be the 1960s, when the number of employees in the United States exceeded the number of workers. With the beginning of the XXI century some researchers have linked the onset of the creative economy in which information processing is offloaded to the computers, and the man will be the role of the creator of innovation. This so called fourth wave. What will happen next? Unfortunately, people are now the only tool for creation and introduction of innovations. With the advent of artificial intelligence can wait until post-economic era when no longer necessary to make decisions with limited resources, and this problem will be able to solve the cybernetic creatures. The term post-industrialism was introduced into scientific use at the beginning of XX century by scientist A. Kumarasvami, who specialized in the pre-industrial dev