Phraseology as a branch of linguistic science - Дипломная работа

Content Introduction 1. Phraseology as a branch of linguistic science 1.1 Semantic structure of phraseological units 1.2 Principles of phraseological units 1.3 Ways of forming phraseological units 1.4 Classification of phraseological units in the Kazakh and English languages 1.5 Phraseological units and their constant functions 2. The peculiarities of translating idioms and stable expressions 2.1 Idiomatic and stable expressions: meanings and definitions 2.2 Translation of idioms and stable phrases 2.3 Translating by choosing absolute or complete equivalents 2.4 Translation of idioms by choosing near equivalents 2.5 Translation by choosing genuine idiomatic and approximate analogies 3. Set Expressions and proverbs in the Phraselogical units 3.1 Classification of set expressions 3.2 The Origin of Set Expressions in Modern English 3.3 Set expressions functioning like nouns (noun phraseologisms) 3.4 Proverbs as a Phraseological units Conclusion Bibliography Introduction Phraseology. Good knowledge of the language is impossible without the knowledge of his phraseology. World phraseology of Russian and English is great and diverse. And whether there is something in common in the phraseologisms of the twolanguages? English has a thousand-year history. During this time, it has accumulated a large number of expressions that people have found successful, well-aimed and beautiful. And there was a special layer of language - phraseology, a set of stable expression of independent significance. Learning English is widespread in our country. Good knowledge of the language, including English, is impossible without the knowledge of his phraseology. Knowledge phraseology greatly facilitates reading as journalistic and fiction. Judicious use of phraseology makes it more expressive. With the help of idiomatic expressions, which are not translated word for word, and perceived rethought, enhanced the aesthetic aspect of the language. With the help of idioms like using different shades of color, the information aspect of language is complemented by the sensory-intuitive description of our world, our lives Anichkov IE Works on linguistics. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1997, p. 15. World phraseology of modern English is great and varied, and every aspect of his research, certainly deserves attention. The vocabulary of a language is enriched not only by words but also by phraseological units. Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be made in the process of speech, they exist in the language as ready-made units. They are compiled in special dictionaries. The same as words phraseological units express a single notion and are used in a sentence as one part of it. American and British lexicographers call such units «idioms». We can mention such dictionaries as: L.Smith «Words and Idioms», V.Collins «A Book of English Idioms» etc. In these dictionaries we can find words, peculiar in their semantics (idiomatic), side by side with word-groups and sentences. Дене б?зылса, д?рменсіз ?арашы?ты? бары не, жо?ы He?(Gabiden Mustaphin Millionaire, p. 238, 293) Originally, because of its shape, the apple was the metaphor for the pupil of the eye. As ones eyesight is precious, so is the person described as the apple of ones eye. The same phenomenon can be observed in Kazakh language. The idiom к?зді? ?арашыгьГ translates into English as a« apple of an eye. To one English idiom we found several different Kazakh equivalents: To keep an eye on smb - к?з ?адау, отты козіммен ?арау, ала к?зімен ?арау, к?зін алайту; To hold ones tongue/ to open ones lips- ж?мган аузын aumay, тіл ?аптау, аузын багу, аузына ??м ??йылу; We can state that we reached the aim established in the beginning of the investigation, and we hope that received facts will contribute to the further development of comparative linguistics[7, p.206]. 1.2 Principles of phraseological units There are three classification principles of phraseological units. The most popular is the synchronic (semantic) classification of phraseological units by V.V. Vinogradov. The classification system of phraseological units suggested by Professor A. V. Koonin is the latest outstanding achievement in the Russian theory of phraseology. The classification is based on the combined structural-semantic principle and it also considers the quotient of stability of phraseological units. Phraseological units are subdivided into the following four classes according to their function in communication determined by their structural-semantic characteristics. 1. Nominative phraseological units are represented by word-groups, including the ones with one meaningful word, and coordinative phrases of the type wear and tear, well and good. The first class also includes word-groups with a predicative structure, such as as the crow flies, and, also, predicative phrases of the type see how the land lies, ships that pass in the night. 2. Nominative-communicative phraseological units include word-groups of the type to break th