Nutritional behavior and functional reaction of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis at different stages of development of the common spider mite Tetranychus urticae - Статья
The efficiency of Phytoseiulus persimilis using for biological control of Tetranychus urticae. Feeding behavior and functional response of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis on developmental stages of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae.
Аннотация к работе
Introduction Two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an important economic pest of a cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in greenhouses, which causes significant damage to the crop greatly reducing its quality and amount (Hussey, Parr, 1963; Hussey, Scope, 1985; Brandenburg, Kennedy, 1987 et al.). It is no doubt that chemical pesticides are the preferred choice of farmers for control of T. urticae due to their ease of use and high effectiveness (Dobrynin, Mohammadali, 2014), but many factors limit their efficiency. The functional response describes the change in the numbers of prey consumed by one predator at different prey density (Wratten, 1987), while numerical response describes the change in the numbers of natural enemy (reproduction rate) in response to the prey density (Pedigo, 1999). As Oaten and Murdoch (1975) believe the functional response is an essential component of relationships between predator and prey and significant in determining the stability of the system. Holling (1959a; 1959b) described three models of the functional response: I - the linear, in which the number of individuals consumed by the predator increases linearly with increasing density of prey up to the certain value when a consumer is satiated, but the rate of predation = attack rate (number of preys consumed / prey density) remain constant; II - the cyrtoid, in which the number of individuals consumed increases at low prey density until it reaches the consistency at full saturation of a predator, herewith the rate of predation decrease with increasing prey density, and III - the sigmoid, in which the predation rate increases at first and then decreases at the satiation of a predator. It is believed that the natural enemy that has the functional response of the type II may not have the ability to implement the complete lesion of the pest population, while the natural enemy with functional response of the type III are preferred from the standpoint of successful biological control. The choose of a prey or a specific stage of a prey may be performed by a predator on the base of variation in the quality of food that contains the prey or the latest stage of prey development in comparison with the amount of energy consumed for attack. The preferred stage of a prey may be chosen instead of the last stage because it may contain the largest additional mass of food and take less energy consumed by the predator while attacking a prey, digesting its food content and destruction of toxic compounds (Sabelis, 1985).