Background of borrowed words in the English language and their translation. The problems of adoptions in the lexical system and the contribution of individual linguistic cultures for its formation. Barbarism, foreignisms, neologisms and archaic words.
Аннотация к работе
In the process of its development English language collide with many languages from which it adopted many words. Words adopting by dint of oral means are quicker assimilate to the language. The aim of the work is to show that in spite of the fact that there are many adopted words in the English language it has not lost its originality. The problem of interrelation of a language and a society involve in itself many aspects, including those which are in group of: 1. Social essence of a language. In linguistics , a calque (pronounced /k?lk/ ) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal , word-for-word (Latin : "verbum pro verbo") or root-for-root translation.When the Saxons borrowed Latin words for "butter", "plum", "beet", they did it because their own vocabularies lacked words for these new objects. For the same reason the words "potato" and "tomato" were borrowed by English from Spanish when these vegetables were first brought to England by the Spaniards. There may be a word (or even several words) which expresses some particular concept, so that there is no gap in the vocabulary and there does not seem to be any need for borrowing. However a word is borrowed because it supplies a new shade of meaning or a different emotional coloring though it represents the same concept. When words migrate from one language into another they adjust themselves to their new environment and get adapted to the norms of the recipient language."Archaic words" are words which are no longer recognizable in Modern English language, words that were in use in Old English and which have either dropped out of the language entirely or have changed in their appearance so much that they have become unrecognizable. Semiotics(the science investigating the general properties of sign systems) distinguishes the following types of relations: semantic (sign to object), syntactic(sign to sign) and pragmatic (sign to man). Thus, the pragmatic problems, involved in translation, arise from three types of pragmatic relations: the relations of the source-language sender to the original message, the relations of the target-language message and the relation of the translator to both messages. A.Neubert has proposed a classification of texts depending on their orientation towards different types of receptors: texts, intended for :domestic consumption"(local advertising, legislation, home news,etc.), texts, intended primarily for the source-language receptors but having also a universal human appeal(belles-lettres) and texts without any specific national addressee(scientific literature). Any text is communicative and contains some message transmitted from the source-language sender to the target-language receptor or information which should be taken into consideration by the receptor.During XVII-XVIII centuries the following Russian words penetrated to the English language: "Astrakhan"-"каракуль" During XX century more and more words appear in the English language which prove that English people is interested in the political occurrences in Russia. Words denoting conceptions of social and political and philosophic character, and terminological stratum which relates to maritime case are treated as German adopted words. In XIX century appeared many new adopted words especially in the sphere of the humanities, philology, social life and politics, chemistry and physics, philosophy and art, words denoting food and household goods. Distinguishing characteristic of the Latin adopted words in XVI-XVII centuries is that there are many verbs, adjectives, and not much nouns, whereas loan words? in the Old-English period are mostly consist of nouns.Several Arabic words were adopted by the Medieval Latin language and from it these words got to the English language. One part of Arabic words got into English language from the Greek and Italian languages, another part of words came from Spain, where Moors?? speaking Arabic people reigned during seven hundred years. Some words had a longer way-from Spain to France and only then they got into English language. In the process of development of the English language the most of Old-English words, the words of Turkic origin are also among them, adopted in Hun?? period was ejected either by German words or by Old-French words. Many Turkic words came into the English language by means of Arabic, Persian and Hindi languages.To my mind we examined the problem of different adoptions in the English language. we have studied various ways of penetrating foreign words into the English vocabulary. Also we have viewed the state of the lexical structure of the English language as a whole, analyzing, at the same time, epochs of evolution through the history. Reasoning from this we can draw a conclusion that the English language, which has been accepting many foreign words from the other languages, have not l
План
Contents language lexical linguistic foreignisms
Introduction
Chapter №1
1.1 Social functions of the language
1.2 Background of borrowed words in the English language and their translation
1.3 The problems of adoptions in the lexical system of the English language
1.4 Barbarisms, foreignisms, neologisms and archaic words
1.5 The progmatic aspect of borrowings
1.6 Reborrowings
Chapter ?2
The contribution of individual linguistic cultures to form the lexical system of the English language