The general outline of word formation in English: information about word formation as a means of the language development - appearance of a great number of new words, the growth of the vocabulary. The blending as a type of modern English word formation.
Аннотация к работе
From the Morphemic aspect the analysis is limited to stating the number and type of morphemes that make up the word, or how the words are maid. The first part presents general outline of word formation in English, (contains detailed information about word formation as a means of the language development-the appearance of a great number of new words, the development of new meanings in the words, the influx of new words, the growth of the vocabulary as a result of word formation, the morphemic classification of words, a structural word formation, words and word groups mostly phraseological units (simple words, derived words, compounds), semantic word building, productivity of the ways of word building, main types of word building).Second part is about the minor types of word formation. Compounds are words consisting of at least 2 stems which occur in the language as free morphemes and though they are fewer in quantity than derived or root words they still represent one of the most typical and specific features of Modern English word-structure. Whereas inflection is driven by the requirement to form a word with the appropriate form in a particular grammatical context, derivation is motivated by the desire to create new lexical items using preexisting morphemes and words. Compounds are words consisting of at least 2 stems which occur in the language as free morphemes and though they are fewer in quantity than derived or root words they still represent one of the most typical and specific features of Modern English word-structure.Linguists state that word formation is that branch of lexicology which studies the derivative structure of existing words and the patterns on which a language, in this case English builds new words. We can conclude that the growth of the vocabulary reflects not only the general progress made by mankind but also the peculiarities of the way of life, of the speech community in which the new words appear, the way its science and culture tend to develop. Word formation has some features that can be considered from various points of view: morphemic, structural or semantic. From the morphemic aspect the analyses are limited to stating the number and type of morphemes that make up the word, or how the words are made. Inflection is driven by the requirement to form a word with the appropriate form in particular grammatical contest.
Вывод
Thus we can conclude that word formation as a means of the language development was widely studied by many linguists: foreign and native: and all of them agree that it is one of main ways of language replenishment and enriching.
Linguists state that word formation is that branch of lexicology which studies the derivative structure of existing words and the patterns on which a language, in this case English builds new words. We realize that the influx of new words has never been more rapid, than in the last few decades. It is due to advances in technology and communication.
Word formation ranges from prefixation and suffixation. We can conclude that the growth of the vocabulary reflects not only the general progress made by mankind but also the peculiarities of the way of life, of the speech community in which the new words appear, the way its science and culture tend to develop. Borrowing words from other languages word building provides for enlarging and enriching the vocabulary of the language.
Word formation has some features that can be considered from various points of view: morphemic, structural or semantic. From the morphemic aspect the analyses are limited to stating the number and type of morphemes that make up the word, or how the words are made. A structural word formation analyses proceeds further: it studies the structural correlation with other words, the structural patterns or rules on which words are build.
According to linguists words in their turn comprise various structural types.
1. Simple words
2. Derivied words
3. Compounds
New vocabulary units are as a rule monosemantic and most of them are marked by peculiar stylistic value. They primarily belong to the specialized vocabulary. Natural words and phrases are comparatively few. Terms used in various fields of science and technique make the greater part of new words. One of the features of wordformation is an aspect of productivity. All types of wordformation can be divided into productive and nonproductive. Three degrees of productivity are distinguished for affixes: Highly productive, productive or semi productive, nonproductive. Productive affixes are those used to form new words in the period in question. Nonproductive affixes are the affixes which are not able to form new words in the period in questions.
In English there are two main ways of making new words: Internal and external.
Internal way means updating language vocabulary due to its internal potential. It is a productive way of word manufacturing.
Internal way includes conversation, affixation, compounding, abbreviation, desaffixation. External way means leanwords. The main types of word building include inflection and derivation. Inflection is driven by the requirement to form a word with the appropriate form in particular grammatical contest. Derivation is motivated by the desire to create new lexical items using preexisting morphemes and words. It is possible to create new lexical items by recycling preexsisting material. This is derivation. It takes one of these forms; affixation, conversion, sress placement or compounding.
Conversion is a way of wordformation without affix use as a result of wich is formed categorically different word conterminous in some forms with initial word. Affixation is a way of word formation by addition of wordformation affixes to word stem. Conversion is a way of wordformation at which words are formed by rejection of a suffix or an element externally similar to a suffix.
Abbriviation means formation of new words by reduction (truncation of word steam).As a result new words are formed with the incomplete, truncated word stem (or stems), called abbreviations. Compression is the formation of compound words on the basis of word-combinations and sentances by decreasing the level of components of an initial word-combination or sentence.
In English word formation there are also minor types of word building. They include blending, redublication, clipping, sound intherchange, distinctive stress, back-formation and others.
Clipping consists in the reduction of a word in one of its parts. There are three types of clipping; back clipping or apocopation is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Fore-clipping or aphaeresis retains the final part. In middle clipping or syncope, the middle of the word is retained. Clipped forms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound often remains intact. Accepted by the speakers of the language clipping can acquire grammatical catigories (used in plural forms).
Back-formation refers to the process of creating a new lexeme (less precisely a new word) by removing actual or supposed affixes. formation language development word
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