A cosmological model to explain the origins of matter, energy, space, time the Big Bang theory asserts that the universe began at a certain point in the distant past. Pre-twentieth century ideas of Universe’s origins. Confirmation of the Big Bang theory.
Аннотация к работе
A cosmological model to explain the origins of matter, energy, space, and time, the Big Bang theory asserts that the universe began at a certain point in the distant past-current estimates put it at roughly 13.7 billion years ago-expanding from a primordial state of tremendous heat and density. First conceived by astronomers and physicists in the early twentieth century, the Big Bang was effectively confirmed in the middle and latter years of the century, once new telescopes and computers made it possible to peer further into the universe and process the enormous amounts of data those observations generated. The term “big bang” comes from its underlying hypothesis, that the universe has not been eternal but emerged out of a sudden, almost incomprehensibly vast explosion. According to what are called the Friedmann models, a set of complex metrics named for Alexander Friedmann, an early twentieth century Soviet physicist who first developed them, the Big Bang theory fits in with two of the most important theories of twentieth century physics: the cosmological principle (which says that basic physical properties are the same throughout the universe) and Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity of 1915-1916, which conceives of gravity as a curvature in space and time. The next stage in the Big Bang-lasting for roughly 100,000 years and beginning about three seconds after the Planck era-consisted of the process of nucleosynthesis, as protons and neutrons came into being and began to the form the nuclei of various elements, predominantly hydrogen and helium, the two lightest elements in the periodic table and the two most common elements in the universe.
Список литературы
1. Farrell, John. The Day without Yesterday: Lemaotre, Einstein, and the Birth of Modern Cosmology. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2005.
2. Fox, Karen C. The Big Bank Theory: What It Is, Where It Came from, and Why It Works. New York: Wiley, 2002.
3. Hawking, Stephen. A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. New York: Bantam, 1988.
4. Levin, Frank. Calibrating the Cosmos: How Cosmology Explains Our Big Bang Universe. New York: Springer, 2007.
5. Singh, Simon. Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe. New York: Fourth Estate, 2004.